Other segments from the episode on May 12, 2022
Transcript
DAVID BIANCULLI, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. I'm David Bianculli, professor of television studies at Rowan University in New Jersey, in for Terry Gross.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED RECORDING)
ANTHONY ROTH COSTANZO: (Singing in non-English language).
BIANCULLI: That's countertenor Anthony Roth Costanzo in the title role of the Metropolitan Opera House production of the Philip Glass opera "Akhenaten," about the Egyptian pharaoh who was married to Nefertiti. It was a career-defining role for him. The album from the production won a Grammy this year. And next week, he returns to that celebrated role at the Met Opera. Today we feature our interview with Anthony Roth Costanzo.
As a countertenor, he sings in the range associated with women's voices. Some of his repertoire from the 1600 and 1700s - music by such composers as Handel and Monteverdi - was originally written for castrati, men who were castrated before puberty to prevent their voices from changing and deepening. Costanzo also sings contemporary music. Terry Gross spoke with him in 2019. We'll hear Costanzo singing an excerpt from "Akhenaten" a little later. But let's start with an excerpt from Philip Glass's "Liquid Days." This is from Costanza's album "ARC," which came out in 2018 and features him singing music by Glass and Handel.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "LIQUID DAYS")
COSTANZO: (Vocalizing, singing) Love likes me. Love takes it shoes off and sits on the couch. Love has an answer for everything. Love smiles gently and crosses its legs. Well, here we are. Well, here we are. Sleep. Sleep. Sleep. Sleep. Sleep. Sleep.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED NPR BROADCAST)
TERRY GROSS: Anthony Roth Costanzo, welcome to FRESH AIR. You're amazing (laughter).
COSTANZO: Thanks for having me, Terry. I'm thrilled.
GROSS: So let's just start with, what does it mean to be a countertenor?
COSTANZO: So a countertenor is essentially a man who sings in a falsetto voice. And the falsetto voice is just particularly resonant and well-developed. And it's that simple.
GROSS: So what's the difference between what you do and, for instance, what Smokey Robinson does?
COSTANZO: Well, actually, we do the same thing physiologically. So every person has these two vocal cords, and they come together. I sort of liken it to blowing grass between your thumbs, if you've ever done that. And it makes a little buzzing sound. You blow air between these vocal cords, and they buzz like a kazoo would. And if we had no head, that's all it would sound like. But the kazoo sound travels up into our bone structure in our face and within our mouth, and it takes shape. It takes color. It takes volume bouncing around in there, and it comes out as sound. And as opera singers, we learn to sort of use that air and those resonating spaces with the utmost finesse.
There are also, of course, muscles involved. There are 60 muscles in the throat. So as a countertenor, we're bringing the vocal cords together, but we're only bringing a portion of them together, say two-thirds of them together, leaving a little space for some extra air to escape. So what that means is that most falsettos in most men are kind of airy because you hear the air escaping, whereas a countertenor learns really how to bring those chords to full approximation, as it's called, meaning fully together, but leaving that little bit that doesn't vibrate and therefore making a very rich, very operatic sound.
GROSS: Can you sing in a kind of falsetto like, you know, that a pop singer would use...
COSTANZO: Yeah.
GROSS: ...And compare that to your operatic voice?
COSTANZO: Sure. Well, you know, Justin Bieber or Justin Timberlake, those people who use falsettos - they generally do something like, (vocalizing). You know, that's the feeling of it. And they're really close to the mic. So it might be like, (singing) you, baby. You know? And it has a little bit of that sound. Whereas if I'm singing falsetto as a countertenor, it's going to be more something like this. This is the part where, I guess, I back up from the microphone.
GROSS: Yeah. I think you better do that.
COSTANZO: (Vocalizing) And, you see, even if I don't do it super loud, if I do it in a more refined, sensitive way, it's still a full, rich sound (vocalizing). So it has a different quality, and it's really just about conditioning, like anything, like going to the gym, learning how to make your body do something specific.
GROSS: Right. And I can hear - like, there's no air in that sound. It's just all...
COSTANZO: Hopefully.
GROSS: It starts with a full bell-like sound. I can hear the difference in what you're doing. I get it.
COSTANZO: And I think the completeness of that sound is what allows it to carry unamplified in an opera house.
GROSS: Can you give us a sense of the range of your voice, how low you can go and how high you can go?
COSTANZO: Well, the thing about countertenors is we have our, quote-unquote, "male" voice or, you know, normal chest voice. So I can go all the way down into a baritone if I want. But on the high end, I go up to a high A. Or, you know, in my youth I would go up to a high C, you know, things that are more in the "Queen Of The Night" territory, if that's a reference people know. But I don't go quite that high. I'm not really a soprano. It's usually in the mezzo-soprano range. And so I spend a lot of my life in the treble clef, in the middle of it.
GROSS: So can you demonstrate, like, the range that you have, going as low and as high as you can?
COSTANZO: Yeah. Let me try. If I were to go all the way down in baritone, it would be like, (vocalizing). Then there'll be a switch, which - that switch is the break between what we call the chest voice and the head voice. And the head voice is the falsetto. So I'll show you what that break sounds like if I were to crack, which would be, (vocalizing, voice cracking). Right?
GROSS: (Laughter).
COSTANZO: And that's where all the yodeling happens. So when you get people who yodel, they're switching. They're popping between the chest voice muscles and the head voice muscles going, (imitating yodeling). But I would try and smooth out that or find ways around it. And then I'm at the bottom of the head voice. And from there we go, (vocalizing). And then if I were going to go up - I don't know how much I have this morning - but, (vocalizing). So - and it could go, you know, even a little higher probably after 11 a.m. (laughter).
GROSS: Yeah. We're recording - it is now 10:15 in the morning as we record this. You sing a lot of contemporary music and a lot of early music from the 17th and 18th century.
COSTANZO: Exactly.
GROSS: So I want to play just a short passage of some Handel from your album of music by Handel and Philip Glass. And I'm choosing this because, like, you're singing some low notes as well as the high notes in this. So I thought it would be an interesting time to play this. This is from Handel's opera, "Rodelinda." And this is the "Vivi Tiranno." Am I pronouncing that correctly?
COSTANZO: Perfect.
GROSS: And what does it mean?
COSTANZO: It means live, you tyrant.
GROSS: (Laughter) OK. And is there anything you want to say about what you're doing in this?
COSTANZO: Yes. So it's a great aria in the opera in which I save my captor, the bad guy, from an even worse bad guy. And I say to him, look, I saved you to show you that my heart is bigger than my fate. And to illustrate this great emotion, what Handel used to do is these very fast notes which are almost impossible to sing. We call them coloratura. And so I have to sing instead of a scale that's slow, like, (vocalizing major scale), I have to go (vocalizing coloratura run). And it takes tremendous practice and control.
GROSS: And you agree you're going between some pretty deep notes for you, as well as the high notes?
COSTANZO: Yes. Yes. The opening phrase, I start up in my head voice, and then I switch down into the "male," quote-unquote, chest voice. And that's a great juxtaposition, which I think adds drama.
GROSS: Absolutely. OK, so let's hear it. This is Anthony Roth Costanzo.
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "VIVI TIRANNO")
COSTANZO: (Singing in Italian).
GROSS: That was Anthony Roth Costanzo singing music by Handel from his album of music by Glass and Handel. And he's about to star in the Metropolitan Opera production of "Akhnaten," the Philip Glass opera.
So tell us a little bit about how you do that coloratura, that very embroidered kind of singing. It seems so hard because you have to be precisely on the note, but it's happening so fast.
COSTANZO: Yeah. And you want it to be distinct, each note to be distinct, but you don't want it to be breathy. Like, you don't want it to sound like, (staccato vocalizing). You want it to sound like...
(LAUGHTER)
COSTANZO: ...One beautiful - not machine gun-like, but more, you know, elegant. So it takes a lot of practice. And I start slowly. You can imagine, you know, I put a metronome on. It goes, tick-tock, tick-tock. And I go (vocalizing). And then I would speed up that metronome. Little by little, you gain speed. It sort of goes into your muscle memory, and you figure out eventually how to do it full tilt.
GROSS: It must take such patience.
COSTANZO: It does take patience. It takes a lot of failing and frustration. But also, what's amazing about singing is that the muscles involved in it are involuntary. And so how do we control them? And the only answer is with imagery, really, with the mind. And, you know, there's a great book by, I think, Thomas Hemsley called "Singing And Imagination," and he talks about how the mind fires a set of impulses, and they have an effect on the muscles. And then you have to sort of follow the Pavlovian principles. And you have to teach those muscles what you want them to do.
So when I'm singing a high note, my great teacher - a teacher I've been with 21 years - might say in her very dramatic way, (imitating teacher's voice) Anthony, imagine that a flower is opening when you hit that note. And so I would imagine, in the voice of Joan Patenaude-Yarnell, a rosebud opening. And that teaches my muscles to do a particular thing, that image. And so when I go on stage, if I've taught my muscles well, all I have to do is picture that.
GROSS: So at the same time that these muscles are involuntary so that you have to use imagery to get them to do what you'd like them to do, they are muscles, and they can be strengthened. So you have very strong muscles in your throat. I don't know if you can strengthen the vocal cords, per se, but you can strengthen the muscles.
So what exactly are you strengthening when you strengthen your voice? And do you do - are, like, scales and things like that, exercises not only for, you know, learning precision and tone and all of that, but also just to strengthen the muscles?
COSTANZO: That's a great question. I think the muscles that we strengthen - it's not really a muscular thing, singing. So we're kind of refining muscles. You know, it would be the difference between bulking up and defining, or something like that. We want them to function in a very specific way.
But the muscles that are really important are the muscles involved in breathing, too. The diaphragm is an exhalation muscle, and so it controls how the air goes out. And that's really important because if the air goes out too fast, you can't sing a long phrase, and (imitating breathlessness) you might sound like that. And if it goes out too slowly, it might not have enough volume or presence. So there's that muscle, but also the vocal cords - to answer your question - very importantly, you can't strengthen. They are two little tiny flaps of skin, gristle in our throat, and we have so little control over them. When you see a video of the vocal cords vibrating, they do this kind of oscillation as they come together. They look sort of like a belly dancer.
(LAUGHTER)
COSTANZO: Two belly dancers touching bellies - the best way I can describe it. And therefore, you want them to remain very supple and kind of relaxed. And what that means - that's why hydration is so important because they're skin, so you want them to be hydrated. When you sleep well, they're more flexible. When you don't have alcohol, in my experience, they're a little more comfortable and flexible. When you don't, you know, eat things that gunk them up - be it peanut butter, chocolate or dairy right before you sing - then you don't get little pieces of phlegm caught between them that then cause all kinds of problems.
BIANCULLI: Anthony Roth Costanzo speaking to Terry Gross in 2019. More after a break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF DENNIS RUSSELL DAVIES & STUTTGART STATE OPERA ORCHESTRA'S "ACT I, PRELUDE: REFRAIN")
BIANCULLI: This is FRESH AIR. Let's get back to Terry's 2019 interview with countertenor Anthony Roth Costanzo. He starred in that year's Metropolitan Opera production of "Akhnaten," the Philip Glass opera about the Egyptian pharaoh. Next week, the Met Opera presents a revival of that production with Costanzo once again playing the title role.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED NPR BROADCAST)
GROSS: Before we get to Akhnaten, let's talk a little bit more about the tradition of countertenors. It's a tradition that starts in the 1600s.
COSTANZO: Well...
GROSS: Earlier?
COSTANZO: ...Actually, so it begins not with countertenors per se, but with this incredible and kind of horrific creature, the castrato. So as opera's beginning in 1599, the first castrati appear in history in the logs of the Vatican chapel choir book. And a castrato is - and forgive me, everyone who's listening, it always makes the men cross their legs when I say this, but a man...
(LAUGHTER)
COSTANZO: ...Who, before the age of puberty, has had their testicles usually crushed between two stones. And this was a practice that started in 1599 as far as we know. And what that did was to preserve the high voice as these men's bodies grew. And so they would have the resonating chamber of an adult, but the vocal cords basically of a boy soprano. And these creatures - and I don't mean that in a derogatory way, but they were fascinating to the public. And they brought opera to the public.
It became a public art form about 25 years later, in 1625 in Venice because these castrated singers had made their way into the art form. And the public loved them. And why did the public love them? I think about this a lot. I studied it a lot at Princeton, where I did my undergrad. And I think it's both a grim fascination, but also, there was such an excitement about the high voice being heard in public with that kind of volume. You know, it was a time when women weren't singing in church, which is where much of the music was happening. And so these men came...
GROSS: Women weren't allowed to sing in church.
COSTANZO: Exactly. Women were forbidden to sing in church. And these men gave a new sound and a new excitement. But also, if I can be so bold, I mean, imagine a time when there's no birth control, and you're in a marriage that you're not particularly happy with, and you can fantasize about this man who is sexually functional, but not fertile. And you go see them on stage, and you imagine having an affair with them. I mean, these castrati became kind of the rock stars of their era with women and men wearing little portraits of them on buckles and on belts and around their neck. And I mean, it was the first kind of merchandising and celebrity culture.
And for 100 years, these castrati were the best paid, most popular singers. Music was written for them by not only Handel, but Gluck and Mozart and Monteverdi and Vivaldi. And all of these composers that you've heard of were writing for castrated men. And these were the men who were leading the opera world. And it was - it's a kind of terrifying and fascinating thing that is at the root of opera's success.
BIANCULLI: Anthony Roth Costanzo speaking to Terry Gross in 2019. The celebrated countertenor starred in the title role of the Philip Glass opera "Akhnaten," a role he's returning to next week in a new Met Opera production. After a break, we'll continue their conversation. And film critic Justin Chang reviews "Memoria," which made his list of the best movies of 2021. I'm David Bianculli. And this is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
BIANCULLI: This is FRESH AIR. I'm David Bianculli, in for Terry Gross. Let's get back to Terry's 2019 interview with Philip Roth Costanzo (ph). He's a countertenor, which means he sings in the range associated with women's voices. Some of his repertoire from the 16 and 1700s was originally written for castrati, men who were castrated before puberty to prevent their voices from deepening. Costanzo starred in the Metropolitan Opera's production of the Philip Glass opera "Akhenaten" about the Egyptian pharaoh who was married to Nefertiti. That production returns to the Met Opera stage next week with Costanzo again in the title role.
GROSS: So since you're about to star as Akhenaten in the Philip Glass opera "Akhenaten" about the ancient Egyptian pharaoh, let's start with who Akhenaten was and what he represents in the history of ancient Egypt.
COSTANZO: Akhenaten is fascinating and also really complex. He was a pharaoh who, in 1375 B.C. or so - think 200 years before Moses, so a long time ago - became pharaoh at 17. And a few years later, he has this idea that instead of hundreds of gods in Egypt that had been there for most of their history, we should narrow it down. They should narrow it down, and there should be one god. And that should be the sun, Ra, the sun god. And that was because the sun gave life to grass, and grass gave life to the cattle, and the cattle gave life to us.
And not only was that revolutionary, but he united upper and lower Egypt. He created a new city in no time flat - I mean, really, really fast. And he changed the way culture existed. He changed how writing was done. He changed how art was made and how people were represented. He wanted Egyptians represented not as stick figures in hieroglyphs but as these curvy, realistic depictions of humans with their kids on their laps, looking into - a man looking into a woman's eyes and expressing love. He wanted all of these things to be represented that way.
And then 17 years after he'd made this new kingdom and new way of existing, he disappears, and we don't know how. It's reasonable to think that he was killed because after he disappears, every representation of him in art, in stone, is destroyed, and everything that he has changed is reversed. All of the progressive things, to use a contemporary word, that he put forth were turned back. And so he becomes a kind of cult figure later on when he's discovered for a lot of different people. And the history is cloudy, of course, because it's so old. But what's as interesting as the history is its interpretation throughout the past few hundred years.
GROSS: I think a lot of people now think that Akhenaten might have been trans. And I think he believed that divinity was a combination of the male and female, which in some ways is not an unusual thought. But why do people think in retrospect that he might have been trans?
COSTANZO: Well, you know, it's so interesting. I - when I first was studying Akhenaten, everyone in text referred to him as a hermaphrodite. And so I was talking to all these Egyptologists as I was researching the role, and I went to Oxford where Richard Parkinson, a great Egyptologist, and his colleagues met with me. And I said, was he really a hermaphrodite? Did he have both body parts? And they said, well, he's always depicted with these very big hips and full lips and almost breasts. So that's why people think that.
But they posited this other theory, which is that he saw God as the unification of man and woman, not a man or a woman. And he wanted to be closer to God. And the ancient Egyptians, you know, invented waxing and all kinds of other distortions of the body. So could he not have changed himself, either in a surface way or perhaps more profoundly, to be between man and woman? And I thought that was so interesting.
Of course, what we call that today and what feels very clear to us is trans. We don't know how they thought about it, but I do think of him as the first trans icon and very fluid. And that's really represented in our production of Akhenaten at the Met, where I enter completely stark naked, probably the first full frontal male nudity at the Met. And it goes on for quite a while in slow motion, six minutes. So you see this very male figure emerge. And then over the course of the opera, I kind of transform into someone with these more feminine features.
GROSS: And more feminine costumes.
COSTANZO: Yes, more feminine costumes. But also, I wear these kind of gauzy Egyptian linen pleated robes. And underneath them, the costume designer Kevin Pollard and the director Phelim McDermott have chosen this kind of slip that has printed a woman's body, a kind of painted woman's body. But from far away and even from 10 feet away, it looks like breasts and women's genitals sort of. And it's not graphic in any way, but it is rather very beautiful. And so you see this trajectory of Akhenaten's transformation of thought and also body.
GROSS: Just tell us a little bit about entering naked. You've done this. You've done other productions of Akhenaten, and you've made your entrance naked before. What is that experience like?
COSTANZO: (Laughter) Well...
GROSS: And are you wearing any body makeup or anything?
COSTANZO: Not very much. I - there's a little, I think, oil and occasionally a little bit of shading to just help the working out I've been doing furiously for the past three months preparing for it.
(LAUGHTER)
COSTANZO: But no. When the director asked me to be naked, I said, well, why? And he said, you know, it's going to create this magical effect. And in fact, we don't do it in a way that's sensational in that I don't kind of run on stage with everything flapping all over the place. But rather, I'm revealed, and I walk with such slow intensity. And keep in mind I shave my head entirely, like, you know, with a Bic razor and wax my entire body because the Egyptians thought hair was disorderly. So we go full method on this, and I'm this shiny, completely smooth, alien-looking creature who's totally naked. And it takes me about three full minutes, which is actually a long time to walk down 12 steps, and I walk down the staircase facing the audience. And I've learned that if there's any tension in my body, it doesn't work, if I'm nervous about it. But if I stare at the audience with great focus, with great conviction and completely released, they can't move. They feel - they can't even breathe. I can see it happen. And from that moment on, we have their focus and their attention in a way that lasts the next three hours.
GROSS: That takes confidence.
COSTANZO: Yeah. You know, it takes community, actually, is what I've discovered. When I first did it, I thought, well, maybe I shouldn't go naked till the final dress rehearsal, you know, before we open. Then I thought, no, that's crazy. I'll be so nervous. So I said to my castmates, okay, when you're all in costume - you know, and there are a lot of people, there's the chorus and the orchestra and the - you know, a hundred people or more. And I said, I'm just going to be naked from the first time we're in costume on stage. And they said, OK, OK.
And, Terry, I was standing in this little thing I'm revealed in, and my heart was beating so fast, because, you know, you've been in a room with these people for six weeks. They know you, you've become friends, and now they're going to look at you naked. And I did the walk, you know, the four-minute walk down the stairs, and we had to stop because a light didn't work or something. And I covered myself, and they all applauded, and we all laughed.
And from that moment on, I knew I had this community of people. And that community, it's not only the performers, but the directors and the stage managers and everyone involved. That's what makes a piece of art. And that's the chemistry that you feel come on stage. And that's what allows me to do it. It sort of carries me through, and I feel I'm a part of something larger. It's not just about, you know, 4,000 people staring at my penis.
GROSS: Well, let's hear you sing something from "Akhnaten." And there's no recordings yet from the Met to play. But you did an album of songs and arias by Handel and Philip Glass, and the last track on this is from "Akhnaten." It's "Hymn To The Sun." So tell us where this fits in, musically and thematically, in the opera.
COSTANZO: Most of the opera is in ancient Egyptian and Aramaic and languages like that, and this is the one...
GROSS: Which you'll have a lot of use for when this is over.
COSTANZO: Well, it's been fascinating to learn them, but what's great about the way we do it is we don't actually project supertitles or translations, so you don't have to worry about it. It is a ritual that happens in front of you, and it's like unlocking these spirits of ancient Egypt. And I kind of love that. And I guarantee you will understand everything that's happening, even though you don't get the words. But this hymn is the only thing in English, and it's in English because I think it's inside Akhnaten's head.
And Philip Glass actually specified that it should be sung in the language of the audience who's in the theater. And that's because it's kind of a prayer and a private moment between Akhenaten and his god. And in our production, a huge sun that's the size of the entire stage - it's actually an inflated ball, most people don't know that - lit from the inside, bigger than you can imagine. It's the size of a room. It envelops the whole stage, and I'm there, dwarfed by it, singing about nature and about what this sun means.
GROSS: OK, so let's hear Anthony Roth Costanzo from his album "ARC," featuring music by Handel and Philip Glass. And he's going to be singing "Hymn To The Sun" from the Glass opera "Akhnaten."
(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "HYMN TO THE SUN")
COSTANZO: (Singing) All the beasts are satisfied with their pasture. Trees and plants are verdant. Birds fly from their nests, wings spread. Flocks skip with their feet. All that fly and alight live when thou has arisen. How manifold is that which thou has made, thou sole god. There is no other like thee. Thou didst create the earth according to thy will, being alone, everything on earth which walks and flies on high.
BIANCULLI: That's Anthony Roth Costanzo, singing "Hymn To The Sun" from the Philip Glass opera "Akhnaten." He spoke to Terry Gross in 2019. More after a break. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)
BIANCULLI: This is FRESH AIR. Let's get back to Terry's 2019 interview with countertenor Anthony Roth Costanzo. He starred in the Metropolitan Opera production of "Akhnaten," the Philip Glass opera about the Egyptian pharaoh. Next week, the Met Opera presents that production once again, with Costanzo returning in the title role.
(SOUNDBITE OF ARCHIVED BROADCAST)
GROSS: Your voice is remarkable, and you've been very generous in demonstrating some of the things you can do with your voice, and how your voice works. What makes it all even more remarkable is that you were diagnosed with thyroid cancer in your late 20s. How long ago was that?
COSTANZO: Ten years ago. And it was kind of amazing, Terry. I mean, you know, in the moment, it might feel like a crisis. But looking back on it, it's fascinating, because I was in a voice lesson with my teacher, Joan Patenaude-Yarnell. She's this kind of, you know, fun, eccentric diva. And she said, Anthony, ask your throat doctor why you're turning your head to the left. Might it be your thyroid? And I'm thinking to myself, she's not a doctor. She doesn't know what she's talking about.
And you know that experience. You go to the doctor, and you think to yourself, should I ask about that thing or should I not? And so I asked, and the doctor said, nah, I don't think it's anything, but, you know, go get an ultrasound. I got an ultrasound. There was a cyst. They said, don't worry about it. Everybody gets cysts on their thyroid. But, you know, get a biopsy if you want. I got a biopsy. And it was thyroid cancer. And, boy, I was glad to have psychologist parents again because we were very nose to the grindstone. We said, OK, what do we have to do? And they said, you got to take the thyroid out. Now, the thyroid is this gland that controls your metabolic function. And it sits on top of the recurrent and superior laryngeal nerves, which control most all of your vocal function. And they have to kind of cut the thyroid off those nerves. And that is like getting gum out of hair. You know, it's not a clean cut. And so what they said - and I had a wonderful doctor at Duke University, Ray Esclamado. And he said, listen; you know, we might nick the nerve because we got to get as much of this tissue out. And if we nick the nerve, it's going to affect the way that you sing. And I had to really think to myself, OK, well, what is my identity, you know? I'd spent my whole life singing. And I realized that, you know, I'd gone to college. I liked making creative things. I like producing. And I could figure something out. And so we went to the surgery. It took two surgeries, actually. They had to do it in two parts. And we took it out. And every time I'd wake up from surgery, and I'd go, hello? And then I'd think, oh, OK. I still have a voice. This is a good start. Then my teacher worked with me about 2 minutes a day for six weeks. And we built up to singing an aria. And the next year, I won the Metropolitan Opera competition. And I had a career.
GROSS: It's amazing. Did the doctors who operated on you know that you were a singer and how important your voice was?
COSTANZO: They did. And I think - the surgeon said that he had never been so nervous to operate before, in part because I think I gave him a CD of something I'd recorded. And I said, you know, don't mess it up.
(LAUGHTER)
COSTANZO: And I - early on, I made a list. And I would go into the doctor with these lists. I'd say, well, if this were to happen, would I be able to do this? And in terms of the function of the pharynx or - you know, I knew all of the physiology of the voice at this point. So I asked him these very specific questions. And he would answer them graciously. But at a certain point he said, listen, the bottom line is I can take this out, and you can risk not being able to sing. Or you're going to have cancer, which means, eventually, you'll die. So you got to make that choice. And that made it very clear for me.
GROSS: Yeah. So we talked about gender fluidity in your music and how countertenors were preceded by castrati, about how Akhnaten was considered to be - in retrospect is now considered to, perhaps, have been trans. I wonder if you feel like you express gender fluidity in your own life outside of the music?
COSTANZO: Well, I'm gay. So in that sense, I feel like I'm a part of the queer community. But I feel very much a man in my own body. And what's interesting is I don't actually feel feminine when I sing in that woman's register because it's actually very powerful. And I don't mean to associate power with masculinity in that conventional way, but it feels very much me. And one thing my upbringing and all of my experiences have taught me is to just be myself. So I ascribe this male gender to it, and it feels male to me when I sing that way. It doesn't - I don't associate, I guess you would say, the pitch with gender. So I have a lot of friends and am a part of a incredibly beautiful community who are very fluid, and that brings me great joy.
GROSS: Anthony Roth Costanzo, it's just been a delight to talk with you. Thank you for your generosity in singing for us and showing us some of the things that your voice can do. I wish you just great good luck. I hope I can say that. And I know there's so many stage superstitions. But...
COSTANZO: (Laughter) That's perfect.
GROSS: ...I'm so looking forward to seeing you in "Akhnaten." And I just hope it's a wonderful experience for you.
COSTANZO: Terry, it's been the thrill of a lifetime to talk to you. And thank you.
BIANCULLI: Anthony Roth Costanzo speaking to Terry Gross in 2019. The cast recording of "Akhnaten," the Philip Glass opera in which he starred, won a Grammy this year. Next week, he returns to the role in a revival of the Met Opera production. After a break, film critic Justin Chang reviews "Memoria," one of his favorite movies of 2021. This is FRESH AIR.
(SOUNDBITE OF DAVID ROSE'S "LIKE YOUNG")
DAVID BIANCULLI, HOST:
This is FRESH AIR. The film "Memoria" made our critic Justin Chang's list of the best movies of 2021. Now it's getting an unusual long-term theatrical rollout, playing in multiple cities across the U.S. through the end of the year. The movie, which stars Tilda Swinton as a woman living in Colombia, was written and directed by the Thai filmmaker Apichatpong Weerasethakul. Justin says it's a sonic detective story that's truly transporting. Here is his review.
JUSTIN CHANG, BYLINE: I'm a huge fan of the Thai writer-director Apichatpong Weerasethakul, which doesn't do much to dispel the widely held assumption that he makes movies only a critic could love. Weerasethakul's films, like "Tropical Malady" and "Syndromes And A Century," certainly demand close attention. They're slow-paced and contemplative, steeped in Thai folklore and Buddhist belief, and they have little interest in conventional narrative. They're also thrilling and deeply moving. If you go into them with your eyes and ears wide open and take the time to adjust to their rhythms, it's hard not to fall under their spell.
Weerasethakul's new movie is called "Memoria," and while it's as marvelously strange as anything he's ever made, it's also a bit of a departure. It's his first feature shot entirely outside Thailand. And it also marks his first time working with a movie star; in this case, the great Tilda Swinton. She's quietly mesmerizing as a Scottish-born botanist named Jessica, who lives in Medellin, Colombia. She's recently come to the city of Bogota to visit her sister, who's recovering from a mysterious illness.
The movie begins when Jessica is awakened in the middle of the night by a loud bang.
(SOUNDBITE OF LOUD BANG)
CHANG: In the days to come, Jessica will hear that bang again and again. And soon, she realizes that she's the only one who can hear it.
"Memoria" is a sonic detective story and it follows Jessica around town as she tries to figure out what the sound is and why she's hearing it. She visits a young sound engineer named Hernan, played by Juan Pablo Urrego, who tries to help recreate the noise using prerecorded sound effects.
Speaking in a mix of Spanish and English, Jessica describes the sound as "a big ball of concrete that falls into a metal well." And Hernan asks her how big the ball is.
(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "MEMORIA")
JUAN PABLO URREGO: (As Young Hernan Bedoya, speaking Spanish). How big?
TILDA SWINTON: (As Jessica Holland) Bang. And then it shrinks. I mean, it probably sounds differently in my head.
CHANG: Jessica's investigation leads her in a lot of strange directions. She visits an archaeologist who's studying some recently excavated human remains that may have something to do with the sounds she's hearing. She spends some more time with Hernan, but then he suddenly vanishes, leaving her and us to wonder if she's losing her grip on reality.
Eventually, Jessica travels to a nearby mountain village and meets an older fisherman, curiously also named Hernan, played by Elkin Diaz. Could they be two different versions of the same person? It wouldn't be a surprise in Weerasethakul's world, which is full of parallel realities and reincarnated spirits.
Hernan says he's both blessed and cursed by his ability to remember everything that has ever happened to him, which provides a clue as to the significance of "Memoria's" title. It all builds to a climax that left my jaw on the floor as we finally find out what's been causing that sound. Though, as always with Weerasethakul, the revelation yields more questions than answers.
But while "Memoria" has its share of baffling moments, Swinton's restrained presence anchors every scene. There's something especially emotional about the time Jessica spends with the older Hernan, in which we see two people who have never met forge an inexplicable yet profound connection. You can't take your eyes off Swinton, even when she's simply sitting still and quietly listening to someone speak. You're reminded in these moments that just listening to someone can be an act of radical empathy.
There were a lot of mixed reactions last year when the film distributor Neon announced that "Memoria" would only be shown on the big screen as part of a never-ending road tour-style release. As of now, there are no plans for the movie to be made available on DVD or streaming platforms. There's something refreshing about this approach, which treats "Memoria" not as just another chunk of disposable streamable content, but as a work of art whose crystalline images and intricate sound design demand to be experienced under the best possible conditions.
I hope you'll get to experience "Memoria," as it's one of the most transporting movies you'll see or hear in a theater this year.
BIANCULLI: Justin Chang is the film critic for the LA Times. He reviewed "Memoria," starring Tilda Swinton.
On Monday's show, a little-known chapter of LGBTQ history about a forgotten women's prison in Greenwich Village. We talk with Hugh Ryan, author of "The Women's House Of Detention." He says prison is an example of how queer and trans people have been disproportionately represented in American prisons. Hope you can join us.
(SOUNDBITE OF JESSICA WILLIAMS'S "BONGO'S WALTZ")
BIANCULLI: FRESH AIR's executive producer is Danny Miller. Our senior producer today is Roberta Shorrock. Our technical director and engineer is Audrey Bentham, with additional engineering support by Joyce Lieberman, Julian Herzfeld and Adam Staniszewski. Our interviews and reviews are produced and edited by Amy Salit, Phyllis Myers, Sam Briger, Lauren Krenzel, Heidi Saman, Therese Madden, Ann Marie Baldonado, Thea Chaloner, Seth Kelley and Joel Wolfram. Our digital media producer is Molly Seavy-Nesper. For Terry Gross, I'm David Bianculli.
(SOUNDBITE OF JESSICAL WILLIAMS'S "BONGO'S WALTZ")
Transcripts are created on a rush deadline, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of Fresh Air interviews and reviews are the audio recordings of each segment.