Mike White On Creating HBO's 'Enlightened' Whistle-Blower.

March 4, 2013

Guest: Mike White

TERRY GROSS, HOST: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross. The HBO series "Enlightened" ended its second season last night. I hope it gets renewed because I think it's one of the best shows on TV. My guest Mike White co-created the series with Laura Dern. He also wrote all the episodes, directed a few and is one of the show's stars.

When we recorded our interview over a week ago, before my vacation, he was on his way to an HBO lunch, where he expected to find out the show's fate, but he didn't. "Enlightened" walks the line between comedy and drama. Season one began with Amy Jellicoe, played by Laura Dern, returning home after a stay in rehab where she learned to meditate and get in touch with what she describes as her higher self.

But when she returns to work, staying means accepting a demotion. Separated from her husband and living in her mother's suburban home, her life feels empty. Throughout season one it was difficult to stay in touch with her higher self, but she still believed she could change.

In season two, after being less than successful in changing herself, she wants to make an impact on the world and live a bigger life. She decides to become a whistleblower at the corporation where she works and tries to convince her shy, inhibited office mate, Tyler, played by Mike White, to use his IT expertise to help.

Here's a scene from early in season two, where she's telling him that she's used his password to hack into corporate email accounts looking for incriminating evidence to bring down the corporation.

(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "ENLIGHTENED")

LAURA DERN: (As Amy Jellicoe) OK, so I started in Damon's accounts, right? And then I just, like, went into every email I could open, all the top execs, and we knew they were plunderers, just screwing their workers, covering up their dirty dumping. That's not the sickest part. They don't care, Tyler. They don't care. They're hurting people, and they know it, and it's a game to them. They make jokes about it in these emails. When (bleep) comes out, we're talking about at least 100 class action lawsuits.

MIKE WHITE: (As Tyler) What do you mean when it all comes out? How's it going to come out?

DERN: (As Amy) There's this guy, Jeff Blender. He's at the L.A. Times. He writes these corporate exposes. He is the perfect journalist for this.

WHITE: (As Tyler) Oh my God, please just don't go back in there with my password. They will trace it back to me.

DERN: (As Amy) Tyler, I have to go back in. I don't have a hard copy. I couldn't get the printer to work. You know it always jams up. I need your help.

WHITE: (As Tyler), No, no, no, no. I gave you that password in a moment of weakness. I'm not getting any deeper into this.

DERN: (As Amy) Don't you feel an obligation? People are living under the illusion that the American dream is working for them, and it's rigged by the guys at the tippy-top.

WHITE: (As Tyler) Well, I may not be at the top, but I'm happy.

DERN: (As Amy) No, you're not. You're miserable. You're a mole. You're paralyzed.

WHITE: (As Tyler) Well, I'm changing. I just joined the company gym, and I got a discount because of my employee badge, and I'm going to work out more. And my aunt died, and I just found out I got her time share. So I'm going to go to the Bahamas for two weeks a year. So, maybe I'm a mole, but I'm a happy mole, and I don't want to lose what little I have, OK?

DERN: (As Amy) You've already lost it. They're shutting us down.

GROSS: And what they're shutting down is the department that the Laura Dern character and the Mike White character work in. Mike White, welcome back to FRESH AIR. It is so great to have you again. I really loved this season.

WHITE: Oh, awesome.

GROSS: So as we record now, you're about to find out the fate of the show. You're about to have lunch with HBO to find out whether you're renewed or not. So if you don't mind my asking, it sounds like in preparation for this lunch, you've done a lot of thinking about what you hope the show means in the lives of viewers like me. So what do you hope the show means? What would you say to fight for the life of your program?

WHITE: Well, it's complicated because, you know, there's a world of the bottom line and, like, ratings and numbers. And fortunately, HBO is a place that the criteria for success is a little bit more nebulous. It's not so simple as that. At the same time, that is still meaningful. And in the last couple weeks, just from, I don't know, anecdotally or emails or going online or tweets or whatever it is, you know, the response to the show - it does feel like it's picking up as far as, like, you know, people being aware of the show but also people feeling like they're having a deep reaction to the show.

And for me, you know, the reaction, just, like, just what people are saying is, you know, all I ever really want, you know, as far as a creator to feel like people are having a deep and a positive and meaningful reaction to what I'm making.

GROSS: So this season was different from the first. The first was focused on Laura Dern's character coming back home and back to work after a stay in rehab, where she learned how to meditate, and she really tried to be her better self. But it's hard to be her better self when she's back in the world again. The new season, she's working to change the world through bringing down her corporation. How did you decide to take it in that direction?

WHITE: Well, the truth was that the original pitch to HBO was that it would get to that whistleblower place in the first season, but as I started writing it, I realized there was, like, kind of nooks and crannies of her life that I wanted to explore, and, I don't know, I got more interested in the digressions than the overall, like, meta-plot. And so as I got into it, I was like we're not going to be able to this here.

And so it became a two-season instead of one season. But I did also find that as I was - you know, as the show went out into the world, some of the things that I think are interesting and I felt like would, you know, bring people back week to week, that she was a polarizing character and that - so some people just kind of retreated from her.

And I felt like at the same time, you know, you had a show like "Homeland," where the character is, you know, equally, like, manic and, I don't know, off her rocker in a sense and that, you know, it became such a consensus kind of show, and that was because I think it was, you know, very plotty. And while our show obviously would never be "Homeland," and nor did I want it to be, I felt like, you know, it might help the second season, too, to build it out a little bit and to give some of that sense of, you know, cliffhanger kind of moments in our own enlightened way, which is really more about character than it is about plot, hopefully.

GROSS: So I'm going to ask you to describe your character, Tyler, and one of the episodes in this season of "Enlightened" was told from the perspective of your character. So describe Tyler and how you envisioned him changing in season two.

WHITE: I felt like Amy needed to have, like, her Ethel at the office or like Ethel to her Lucy. And it felt like, you know, Amy has these kind of - in a way she's feminine, but she also has this kind of - she has some traditionally masculine aspects. She wants to be part of the public, so she's very, you know, extroverted. She's very kind of in her own way aggressive. And I just thought it would be interesting from, like, you know, a gender place to, like, have her help-mate be, like, a guy, but he's, like, the supporter, more passive, the one who's just kind of helping her and is more kind of the introvert. And so it was basically his, like, unreciprocated crush on her that kind of drove him to continue helping her.

And then in the second season I thought it would be interesting, you know, since he's the one that's been helping her, that then it becomes - he's become at cross-purposes because he in the process of helping Amy, you know, fight the man, he ends up finding someone who could actually be his, you know, soul mate or someone who would love him back and that those things would end up being in jeopardy or, you know, only one can win.

GROSS: And, you know, Amy thinks that in order to get access to corporate emails that can help blow the whistle on what the corporation's doing wrong and help, you know, bring, you know, charges against the CEO, she asked your character Tyler, who, you know, knows a lot about IT, to basically break into the hard drive of the CEO's assistant, who's played by Molly Shannon.

And in order to do that, she wants you to kind of, you know, maybe go out on a date with her and pretend like you're really interested in her. But the thing is you get really interested in her. You do go out on a date with her. And she gets interested in you. And just as you're finally having, like, a woman in your life, and you're finally truly connecting to somebody, you're also feeling so guilty about it because you know that even though it's not your agenda, you're being deployed as part of an agenda and that she's going to get hurt.

So I'd like to play a clip from the scene in which you are together at your home for the first time, you and the Molly Shannon character, and you're both very shy. She's very worried about getting hurt because she's been hurt before. And so you're sitting on the living room couch and, you know, starting to get to know each other a little bit. It's a little bit awkward. And you're exchanging your first kiss.

(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "ENLIGHTENED")

(SOUNDBITE OF KISSING)

WHITE: (As Tyler) Do you want to spend the night?

MOLLY SHANNON: (As Eileen) You know you don't really look me in the eye that much.

WHITE: (As Tyler) Sorry.

SHANNON: (As Eileen) Look, I just don't want to get hurt, OK? I'm just at the age where I don't want to go through all that, you know? I don't have expectations. I don't care. Whatever. But I just don't want to deal with a jerk or someone who's fake or mean, you know.

(As Eileen) You seem sad and sweet, and I like that. But are you? Are you sweet?

WHITE: (As Tyler) I think so.

SHANNON: (As Eileen) I'm just too old to get kicked in the face, you know.

WHITE: (As Tyler) Well, it's not my plan.

SHANNON: (As Eileen) That's not your plan?

GROSS: I love that scene because, like, your character isn't fake and mean, but he's now in the position of inadvertently being fake. And she's so vulnerable in this scene. She's so good, Molly Shannon. So, you know...

WHITE: I can't believe you played the sounds of us kissing. That was...

GROSS: I did that for a reason.

WHITE: It's like ah, this is killing me.

GROSS: I did that for a reason.

WHITE: The smacking of the lips.

GROSS: No, you know, I'm always interested - it seems to me now - I did that for a reason. It seems to me now that in the movies, kisses are miked more closely than they've ever been before, and you actually hear the sound of the kissing. And there's, like, different kinds of sounds for the different kisses. And in this case, it was, like, short, staccato, chirp kisses, like...

(SOUNDBITE OF KISSING)

GROSS: And I was wondering, like, so when you wrote that scene, did you describe how the kisses would sound? Did you - when you talked to Molly Shannon about that scene, did you agree on, like, what the percussive qualities of the kiss would be, the tonal and percussive qualities?

(LAUGHTER)

WHITE: I mean, it was just - it was built to be awkward in so many ways. I mean, the characters would clearly be awkward. But, you know, Molly and I are really good friends and have been friends for a long time. And, I don't know, the idea of, like, suddenly kissing her, it was - but, you know, I just felt - you know, obviously Tyler's not, you know, a sexual dynamo.

He probably had very limited sexual experience, and it sounds like she has, too. So, you know, that kind of like junior-high kiss seemed like the way to go with that.

GROSS: Yeah, and it said to me, too, like, they were afraid to have a sustained kiss.

(LAUGHTER)

GROSS: Like short kisses were safer. We could see, like, uh-oh, do we want to do a second kiss, a third? OK, settling in, fourth kiss.

WHITE: Right. Anyway, yes, Terry, what's your question?

GROSS: Well, that kind of was the question. And choreographing it, too, like making sure that it looked authentic but really uncomfortable and uncertain.

WHITE: Right, well, we - it was - I mean, yeah, I don't know. I think we were just kind of, I don't know. We were just in character and did it. I don't - there wasn't really a lot of discussion beforehand about how it would go. But it seemed right, at least to the director at the time felt like that was the right approach.

GROSS: My guest is Mike White, the co-creator, writer and co-star of the HBO series "Enlightened," which ended its second season last night. More after a break. This is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

GROSS: If you're just joining us, my guest is Mike White. He's the creator of the HBO series "Enlightened," and he wrote all the episodes and directed many of them and is also the co-star. So in the second season, the character of Amy, played by Laura Dern, decides to try to take down the corporation that she works for because she knows that they're a polluter. She suspects they're guilty of other things, too.

And she wants to be an agent of change and change the world through changing this company. And also she just wants a different life. She's tired of being a nobody. She's tired of being bored and of leading a boring life. Since you had to write from the perspective of somebody who wants to be a whistleblower, what did you do in preparation for that? Did you talk to anybody who'd been it or, you know, read one of those many whistleblower memoirs that have been published?

WHITE: Well, I have, I mean, over the years, you know, that's something that's interesting to me. But I didn't really do a lot of, like, in-depth research. I mean, Amy is kind of flying blind, so it's not like - it's a little bit like the layman's, like, entry into what that is. So like I tried to get some of the sort of, like, more plotty machinations right, like how would that actually work.

But as far as - you know, the thing that I like about Amy as a character and why I feel like she's worthy of a show is that she is - and I think that this is something you could apply to some whistleblowers, you know, not all. There is a righteous cause, but there is also, you know, somebody who potentially has, like, a Joan of Arc complex or, you know, somebody who has a little bit of delusions of grandeur.

You know, it's like somebody wrote online, like, why doesn't Amy just volunteer at a local charity if she wants to feel good. And it was a funny question because I was like that would never be enough for her. Like, you know, she wants big change. She wants to be a big character in a big drama. And it's what makes her a flawed character, but it also - and maybe amusing, but also it's part and parcel with why she wants to be a whistleblower because she wants to, like, burn it down.

GROSS: And she's so naive, though. She doesn't even know much about the issues that she wants to bring to the forefront.

(LAUGHTER)

GROSS: She's naive in every way. And through the journalist who she's leaking these corporate emails to, she, you know, gets exposed to Twitter. And she sees, like, he's got a lot of followers. And she goes to like a book party, and the author has a lot of followers on Twitter. So she decides she needs to be on Twitter, and she goes around telling people, like, you have to follow me on Twitter because, you know, I think she's up to like 14 followers by the end of the episode, after having tapped, like, everybody that she knows.

And she doesn't even know the language for it, and she wants to twit. But the ending of the episode is so - it's so wonderful because it's a voiceover, and she's thinking about how now she's really part of that, you know, revolution where we're all interconnected through social media and being online.

And so what I want to do is play that voiceover that ends the episode, and then I'm going to ask you to tell us what we have actually been watching as we've listened to the voiceover. So here's the voiceover. This is Laura Dern.

(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "ENLIGHTENED")

DERN: (As Amy) I have joined the new world. I learn its language, clicking and flashing and pinging. I read its signs, electric, invisible. In this world the meek like me will finally rise. And the confused will become certain. And the powerful will be laid low. And we will all unite in a single current of compassion and action.

(As Amy) The new world, it is so close. You can hear its angels buzzing. It is here. Follow me. Follow me.

GROSS: That's Laura Dern in a voiceover from "Enlightened," the series created by my guest Mike White, who also wrote all the episodes and co-stars in it. So as we hear her say that everyone will unite in a single current of compassion and action through the Internet, Mike White, what are we actually seeing happening onscreen?

WHITE: Well, you're starting seeing a bunch of different characters that, you know, either on their phones or online, and then by the end you're at this Starbucks where everybody is, you know, all at their computers and at their smartphones. And, you know, most of them are just, you know, scrolling through pictures of somebody's vacation or, you know, on some gossip site.

(LAUGHTER)

WHITE: And they all slightly have their mouths agape or, you know, half zoning off. And, you know, to me it's like - you know, yeah, it gets into my whole anxiety about technology and social media and all of that.

GROSS: Yeah, and, you know, there's a scene, like the scene in the Starbucks. Everybody, the cafe is filled, but no one is talking to each other. Everybody's just on their personal device looking at a screen. So - but the Laura Dern character feels so - she feels this so deeply, even though it's kind of delusional. And it's not all delusional because there's so much that the Internet and social media have done.

But to hear her feel something so deeply and to, at the same time, see how kind of delusional it is, is so interesting.

WHITE: Well, to me it's - I mean, I like that you played that clip because when I saw it, when we finally executed it, I was like, well, this is - this is - I mean, this kind of encapsulates all of the weird tone of the show and why the show is both, like, I guess challenging for an audience and certainly challenging to know how to sell it. But it's also what I am proud of in a sense because it's - it's funny because I have a friend who's like a big social, like, Twitterer, and he brought me on his podcast show, and he had read that completely straight. And it was like this is what I've been trying to tell everybody.

(LAUGHTER)

WHITE: Like this is - and he never saw that, like, the sort of like sardonic aspect of it. And then others see it completely as a critique of, you know, technology or that. And the fact that it could be open enough to contain both readings is a pleasure, at least as a writer, for me. And I feel like that's Amy, that Amy is somebody who has these great - you know, her intentions are great, and it is very - the idealism is beautiful to me.

At the same time, like, in reality how that actually works itself out is always a little bit more - a little less than or something.

GROSS: Mike White will be back in the second half of the show. He's the co-creator, writer and co-star of the HBO series "Enlightened," which ended its second season last night. I'm Terry Gross, and this is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

GROSS: This is FRESH AIR. I'm Terry Gross, back with Mike White, the co-creator, writer and co-star of the HBO series, "Enlightened," which ended its second season last night. The series stars co-creator Laura Dern as Amy Jellico, who learned how to meditate in rehab, but after returning to her life has trouble keeping her equilibrium. In season two, in her attempt to become an agent of change and make her mark on the world, she tries to take down the corporation where she works.

You know, in talking about your character Amy, played by Laura Dern, of turning her into a whistleblower, I'm thinking a little bit about your father who - I don't know that I would describe him as a whistleblower - but in some ways he was a whistleblower...

WHITE: Yeah. He was. Yeah, he was.

GROSS: Yeah. Your father, Mel White, had been the ghostwriter for some of the really big born-again televangelist preachers, including - it was Jim Baker, right? And Jerry Falwell and...

WHITE: Pat Robertson and Billy...

GROSS: Pat Robertson. Yeah.

WHITE: Yeah. Billy Graham. Yeah.

GROSS: Mm-hmm. And then your father came out as being gay, and eventually started, really, talking about some of the homophobic things that had happened behind the scenes in that world, and then he started like showing up at Jerry Falwell's church to protest the homophobia that he was creating and fostering. So what did you see of, you know, the gifts and the consequences for your father, of having been a kind of whistleblower?

WHITE: Well, I think that Amy reminds me of my father in a lot of ways. I mean, you know, I've said this in certain interviews and I think, you know, I hope he doesn't take it the wrong way. But, you know, I think that, you know, when he came out he wanted to, in a sense, make restitution for having participated in the world of the, kind of, right-wing religious extremism. And feeling like, you know, that was really at odds with his own soul and that he wanted to, yeah, become an activist, in the sense, of trying to explain how this kind of hate speech that he feels like he is, you know, coming out of this religious world has real implications and creates suffering amongst people.

And he wanted to tell these like, you know, in a sense father figures to him how much they are hurting him and the other sort of gay children in the religious world. And at the same time it was also important, like Amy, to not just do good but to be seen as being good. Because that part of it, was like, his own, I don't know, it was his own struggle to feel like he's worthy and worthwhile. And also, he wanted the world to see, you know, gays can be good people and that they're not, I don't know, whatever the image was. So it's - with Amy, I see her as somebody wants to be good and also wants to be seen as good, and maybe that's a redemption story for herself, and so I see that in him.

GROSS: But what about the consequences that your father was maybe not prepared for - just as like Amy isn't prepared for certain consequences?

WHITE: Well, you know, it's funny because we went on "The Amazing Race" together. And when you do "The Amazing Race" you sit down and you take this like - all the psych test under the sun you have to take. And then afterwards you sit with a psychologist, with the team, and they kind of go over your results. And it's like it's funny because, you know, you see the people on these reality shows and some of them are just can be so off the beam. But like, my dad actually failed the test.

(LAUGHTER)

WHITE: Like we weren't, like, going to be able to go because his answers to the test. And they were like you come off on these tests as completely paranoid. You respond in the same way that young African-American men in certain, you know, dangerous cities respond. Like in a place, like, you think people are trying to kill you. And he was like, they are. And he's, like, I get hate mail every day. And the thing that I don't think my dad realizes that by trying to like, in a sense, bang his head against the certain kind of wall. You know, he would go into like these religious schools where he would be spit on, you know. And people would put up posters with the most, you know, hateful speech on it. And he would go in, like, week after week, and face that kind of hate. And I think that I don't think he realized how much that hate would, you know, like, impact him. And that part is - it makes me proud of him, but I also feel for him.

GROSS: We've talked about your father before on the show and your father has been on our show several times. And thinking about your mother now, because you have written such an interesting and complex mother character in the character of Amy, Laura Dern's mother, on "Enlightened." And she's played by Laura Dern's actual mother, Diane Ladd. And last season, there was such a beautiful episode where Diane Ladd is at the supermarket and she runs into one of her old friends who she hasn't seen in a long time and everything seems to be going so well for like old friend, like children and grandchildren, whereas in Diane Ladd's life she's kind of shut herself down because she's been hurt so much, and she seen her children hurt, and she's been hurt by her children. And it's just a really sad and beautiful episode in which we developed some empathy for a character who had previously just been so standoffish and cold. And this season, there's a very interesting scene between Diane Ladd and Laura Dern, toward the end of the season, in which Laura Dern figures like it's time to tell her mother, since they live together, that things are about to change because she's blown the whistle on the corporation she works for, it's going to be in the LA Times and things are going to be different. And so this is the scene where she breaks it to her mother.

(SOUNDBITE OF TV SHOW, "ENLIGHTENED")

DERN: (As Amy) Mom, we need to talk. Things are coming to a head. I feel like you need to know.

DIANE LADD: (As Helen) Oh no.

DERN: (As Amy) Oh, no, no. It's not bad. It's not bad. I've blown the whistle on Abaddonn. I found this really damaging information about the CEO, and I leaked it to the LA Times, and they're running a huge story and I'm in it.

LADD: (As Helen) Why would you do that?

DERN: (As Amy) Because the guy is a criminal and the company is really crooked and they hurt a lot of people, you know?

LADD: (As Helen) Now why is that your business?

DERN: (As Amy) Mom, it's everybody's business.

LADD: (As Helen) No it's not, Amy. They brought you back after all that you did, and this is how you repay them? You know Amy, you have done a lot of foolish things in your life, but this is too much. What's next? You going to blow the whistle on me?

DERN: (As Amy) Forget it. You know what? The LA Times thinks what I did is brave.

LADD: (As Helen) Oh do they?

DERN: (As Amy) Yeah.

LADD: (As Helen) Are they going to pay you? Are they going to get you a job? Are they going to get you out of debt? Are they going to put a roof over your head?

DERN: (As Amy) Mom, there are things that are bigger than me.

LADD: (As Helen) Yes, there are things bigger than you and I cannot stand by and watch you destroy your own life.

DERN: (As Amy) Then don't. I'll move out.

(As Helen) I think you should.

GROSS: A nice scene. Very, kind of, sad. That's Laura Dern and her real-life mother, Diane Ladd, playing daughter and mother in a scene from "Enlightened," which was created, totally written by my guest Mike White who is also a co-star of the series.

It's another example where they're kind of both right, like Laura Dern is right about how sometimes there's things bigger than yourself. And her mother's right, like you're in debt, like maybe this isn't the greatest time to be a whistleblower. And you really feel for them, because they just have such a hard time connecting even though you're sure they have deep feelings for each other. But it made me wonder about your mother and how she took it, like, when she learned that your, you know, that your father is gay and then also when he came out publicly and had all this like hatred directed against him, like you were just describing. How did she handle that?

WHITE: Well, I'm really glad you asked the question because I do think that some people, you know, have wondered like if there's parallels here. I mean the truth is my mother is an activist, herself, like as or she is a pillar of her community as far as like working with, you know, disenfranchised people and she is not, she does not take the position of Diane Ladd's character in the show, and has really been actually my dad's biggest supporter. You know, and similar to me, you know, and hates to see him get hurt by his activism but, you know, is a supporter. She's, you know, my mom is like, I have a very non-tortured relationship with my mom. People sometimes seem surprised because often, you know, you know, there's a lot of tortured characters in the stuff I write. But she's been, you know, she is - my mom is like the happiest person, the most like functional person in our family. She's the rock in my world.

GROSS: So Amy, so much, you know, the Laura Dern character, so much, wants to connect to a larger world, a bigger world, a world with like issues and activism. And part of the reason why she's a whistleblower is as a way of entering through the door to a more interesting world. And I wonder what it was like for you when you tried to start establishing yourself as a writer and to get into that world, to get into the world of movies and TV shows and to have, you know, a voice as a writer.

WHITE: Well, I think I mean that's interesting. I do, I relate to Amy in that way. I remember I grew up in Pasadena in a very, kind of, homogenous, kind of, suburban existence and then I went to college at Wesleyan University in Connecticut. And there were all these, kind of, hipster New York kids who were so-called cultured and had so much, you know, like knew all the references and, like, already had their look down. And I have always felt like, I don't know, I miss the first day of French class and like I started the second day and I was like what do they teach on the first day because it felt like it was like how did - and that's how I always have felt about this certain kind of these people who all, you know, I don't know, I felt like I was always fighting to find like-minded people or, you know, I had to go to the library and, you know, look up, you know, like I don't know, it was kind of like I had to self teach myself certain things and learn about culture in a way because it wasn't so accessible in a sense.

GROSS: So when you were teaching yourself about culture, what were some of the books or TV shows or movies that made you feel like you weren't alone and that...

WHITE: Yeah.

GROSS: ...you know, that you could connect to things that were bigger?

WHITE: Yeah. I, you know, my second-grade teacher was Sam Shepard's mother.

GROSS: You're kidding.

(LAUGHTER)

WHITE: No. And like I really loved her, and she was this cool teacher and it was the first time I'd heard of like a play - she was proud of her son, obviously an...

GROSS: He's a playwright, for people who don't know him. He's a playwright who's also done some acting.

WHITE: Yeah. And he had written that play "Buried Child." And I was maybe eight years old or something, and I wanted to get that - I wanted her to love me. And so I like I had "Buried Child," and I like, of course, I didn't understand it really, but I remember walking around with it and like looking at the way the words laid out on the page, and I think that was when I first started writing little dialogue between characters.

And then, like, I got into "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" I remember seeing, I was at a record store and I saw like a recorded version of "Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?" and - I honestly couldn't have been more than 10 years old - and I insisted that my parents buy it, and I recorded it on a tape, and then on, like, long drives I would follow along on the script and then like listen to the actors say the words. And I would, like, perform it with, like, Matchbox cars and stuff.

(LAUGHTER)

GROSS: Wow.

WHITE: And so, I don't know, like even when I was little I would write these like plays about, you know, people having cocktail parties and talking about adulterous affairs and stuff I had nothing - like way more pretentious than anything I write now.

GROSS: My guest is Mike White, the co-creator, writer and co-star of the HBO series "Enlightened," which ended its second season last night. More after a break. This is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

GROSS: Let's get back to my interview with Mike White, the co-creator, writer and co-star of the HBO series "Enlightened," which ended its second season last night. Laura Dern, who co-created the series, stars as Amy Jellico.

The last time you were on the show, during season one of "Enlightened," we talked about how Amy's experiences in rehab, and then her difficult reentry into the world of her home and her neighborhood and her office, you know, and the difficulty of that was based in part on your experience after having this really big anxiety attack because of something that happened at work on the TV series that you were working on. And so as I recall, you were, you were basically taken to a mental hospital where you thought like, I don't really belong here.

(LAUGHTER)

GROSS: It's like work related anxiety I'm not, you know, I'm not like schizophrenic or mentally ill or anything. But that's when you started reading Buddhism, or at least when you started reading it like very seriously.

And I'm wondering, are you still reading that? Are you still trying to hold it on to something of that calm place that you know exists, that's so hard to find when you're stressed out and working on deadline?

WHITE: Yeah. I mean, I do. And honestly, I feel like that experience and reading those things have changed me. And I feel like there's something about what those books do - did for me that I guess I - you know, was what I'm trying to do on "Enlightened" in a sense, which is trying to - it's like the hope is - you know, it's like at some point you're like, OK. My mind's been blown. It's like how do I stitch it back together?

You know, it's like how do I create something that is - it's cliché, it's a new age cliché, but like be the change you want to see. It's like how do I create the things that I want to see and how can you make something that is compassionate and potentially can be healing to someone?

Or, you know, they talk about in Buddhism like there's tonglen practice which is, like, someone, you know, breathing in, like, the suffering of either yourself or others and then breathing out, like, a kind of hopefulness. See, art or fiction or whatever being a version of that where you try to create something that's hopeful but that also recognizes pain, you know? It doesn't run from the pain. It, like, it actually acknowledges it.

Because I feel like so much of entertainment now is so much about distraction and, you know, like a bombarding of, you know, it's like it's all light and noise. And, you know, for me after having that experience, a lot of that stuff feels very empty or something. Or it just feels like it's, you know, adding to this sense of anxiety that you get in life because there's just so much coming at you.

And, you know, whether I've succeeded in that or not I feel like there is an impulse there that I feel like, you know, even if "Enlightened" fails I don't want to, you know, walk away from what I'm trying to, I guess, achieve. Which is I try to make something that is, you know, a little bit more, maybe, contemplative or a little slowed down and a little bit more about, like, how do we live.

As opposed to just, you know, like, something that's about distracting you from those questions.

GROSS: Well, I think you articulated...

WHITE: Can I say one...

GROSS: ...why I like the series. Yeah.

WHITE: Can I just say one thing?

GROSS: Sure.

WHITE: Is that when, you know, years ago I was on your show for "The Amazing Race" and the head of HBO happened to be listening that night and told, you know, the people that worked with me, you know, it's like, you know, we should do a Mike White show. Something I said in that thing made him want to be in business with me.

GROSS: Really?

WHITE: And out of that, was born "Enlightened."

GROSS: Wow.

WHITE: So it's very ironic that, like, we're talking about...

GROSS: That makes me so happy because I like the series so much.

WHITE: Oh, awesome. Well, we were talking - it's just it's funny how full circle, like, that you're the last person I'm going to be talking to before I go in there and have this final sort of, like, you know, what is the future. But, yeah. So thank you for "Enlightened," Terry.

GROSS: Oh, gosh. Wow. Wow, you've made my day. Well, Mike White, it's really been great to talk with you again and I wish you the best. Thank you so much. And thank you so much for "Enlightened."

WHITE: Thank you.

GROSS: Mike White is the co-creator, writer, and co-star of the HBO series "Enlightened" which ended its second season last night. One of the new movie technologies of the '50s was the widescreen process known as Cinerama. Coming up, Lloyd Schwartz reviews two Cinerama films that have been released on DVD and Blu-Ray. This is FRESH AIR.

(SOUNDBITE OF MUSIC)

TERRY GROSS, HOST: In the early 1950s the movie industry was trying to get people away from their television sets by offering them things TV wasn't capable of matching - like panoramic images, stereophonic sound, and even three dimensions. One of the first of these technical marvels was called Cinerama. Lloyd Schwartz has a review of two Cinerama films that have just been released on DVD.

(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "SILK STOCKINGS")

CYD CHARISSE: (As Ninotchka Yoschenko) (singing) Today to get the public to attend the picture show, it's not enough to advertise a famous star they know. If you want to get the crowds to come around, you've got to have glorious Technicolor, breathtaking CinemaScope and stereophonic sound. If Zanuck's latest picture were the good old fashioned kind, there'd be no one in front to look at Marilyn's behind. If you want to hear applauding hands resound, you've got to have glorious Technicolor, breathtaking CinemaScope and stereophonic sound.

LLOYD SCHWARTZ, BYLINE: As early as silent film, directors attempted to create widescreen images. But in the 1950s it became a commercial necessity to give the multitude of new TV watchers what they couldn't get on a small screen. So even before CinemaScope, VistaVision, Todd-AO and Panavision, there was Cinerama - a process in which three projectors threw three simultaneous images onto a gigantic curved screen.

Cinerama offered what no TV or movie screen could provide before - peripheral vision, which could make you feel as if you were really in the midst of the action. In 1952, the first Cinerama experiment, "This Is Cinerama," was a sensation, and even though the ticket prices were higher, people flocked to specially designed movie theaters to ride a roller coaster, fly over Niagara Falls, or sway in a gondola through the canals of Venice.

Two later Cinerama films - "How the West Was Won" and "The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm" - had actual stories, but mainly Cinerama stuck to travelogues. Probably wisely. "This Is Cinerama" and the 1958 "Windjammer," which was filmed in a similar but slightly superior technique called Cinemiracle, have just been released on DVD and Blu-ray.

Even watching them on a TV screen, in a format called SmileBox, which simulates the curved Cinerama screen, that roller coaster ride at New York's Rockaway Beach is still pretty breathtaking. And fun.

(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "THIS IS CINERAMA")

UNIDENTIFIED GROUP: (screaming)

SCHWARTZ: As a music critic, I'm, of course, especially interested in the musical selections and how well they work - or not. Part of the new Cinerama process was stereophonic sound, which in 1952 was not quite yet a household phenomenon.

So audiences must have been startled to be surrounded by the sound of the Vienna Choir boys or Mormon Tabernacle Choir. The biggest musical numbers in "This Is Cinerama" are two episodes from Verdi's "Aida" filmed on the grand stage of La Scala, Milan's splendiferous opera house.

(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "THIS IS CINERAMA")

SCHWARTZ: It's great to be on La Scala's expansive stage looking out at the glittering audience, but the pseudo-Egyptian ballet and the klutzy staging of the Triumphal March were already operatic clichés. And while the on-stage trumpets are impressive in stereo, these opera sequences are hardly as exciting as flying over Niagara Falls.

There are also musical passages in the film "Windjammer," which is a mildly charming 1958 semi-documentary about young Norwegian trainees working on a magnificent square-rigger sailing from Oslo across the Atlantic to the Caribbean, New York City, and up the Eastern Seaboard.

The wide-angle technique works best on the open seas, unlike the tight kaleidoscopic views of Manhattan made for this film by the famed photojournalist Weegee. There's a wind-in-your-hair score by the American composer Morton Gould, visits to a couple of folk festivals, and Arthur Fiedler conducting the Boston Pops.

But the most treasurable musical moment has nothing at all to do with wide screens or stereophonic sound. It's rare footage of the legendary cellist Pablo Casals in San Juan, Puerto Rico, at 80, playing his favorite Catalan folk song. Here modesty and poignant understatement win the day.

(SOUNDBITE OF FILM, "WINDJAMMER")

UNIDENTIFIED MAN: For us, Mr. Casals plays his favorite Catalan ballad, "Song of the Birds."

GROSS: Lloyd Schwartz is classical music editor of The Phoenix. He reviewed the new DVD and Blu-ray release of the 1950s widescreen films "This is Cinerama" and "Windjammer". You can see a Cinerama image of the New York skyline on our website freshair.npr.org where you can also download podcasts of our show. And you can follow us on Twitter at #nprfreshair and on Tumblr at nprfreshair.tumblr.com.

We'll close with the title music from one of the Cinerama movies Lloyd mentioned, "How the West Was Won."

(SOUNDBITE OF SONG, "HOW THE WEST WAS WON")

GROSS: I want to thank Dave Davies for hosting FRESH AIR while I was on vacation last week. I enjoyed listening.

Transcripts are created on a rush deadline, and accuracy and availability may vary. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. Please be aware that the authoritative record of Fresh Air interviews and reviews are the audio recordings of each segment.